Fossil fuels, which currently contribute close to 85% of the primary energy consumed, will continue to be the main source to cover the energy demand of the coming years. Given this perspective, and within a framework of global climate change, renewable energy should take a greater role as sources of clean energy. Costa Rica, like most developed countries, is highly dependent on fossil fuels, mainly oil. However, unlike other areas of the planet, the potential solar energy in this country is quantified as 10 000 MW, enough energy for use in different production systems. Therefore, this work has evaluated a new application of solar thermal collector technologies and photovoltaic panels in the agricultural sector, as it is one of the most important sectors in terms of emission of greenhouse gases, which aggravates the problem of climate change.
Five solar thermal and photovoltaic systems (hybrid thermosiphons, hybrid forced and PV) were designed and built in two dairies and two milk-processing plants in the Huetar Norte region of Costa Rica in 2015. In all of them, computerized data logging systems were located and variables were measured; measurements of three years were evaluated, namely: time in hours, days, months; inlet and outlet temperatures; kWh; carbon equivalence, and economic savings. The results showed that energy consumption was reduced and, notably, greenhouse gas and carbon equivalent emissions, thanks to the use of solar energy. In addition, environmental pollution was lessened by the reduction of smoke due to the burning of firewood; greater independence was generated at the energetic level in associations and companies, and their products could eventually be certified as organic products.
Los combustibles fósiles, que actualmente aportan cerca del 85% de la energía primaria consumida, seguirán siendo la principal fuente para cubrir la demanda energética de los próximos años. Ante esta perspectiva, y dentro de un marco de cambio climático global, las energías renovables deben tomar un mayor protagonismo como fuentes de energía limpia. Costa Rica, como la mayoría de los países desarrollados, presenta una alta dependencia de los combustibles fósiles, principalmente del petróleo. Sin embargo, a diferencia de otras zonas del planeta, la energía solar potencial en este país está cuantificada en 10 000 MW, aunque su uso es mínimo.
Dado que el sector agroindustrial produce una alta emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, responsables de la problemática del cambio climático, se decidió realizar una investigación con el objetivo de evaluar la aplicación de la tecnología térmica solar y fotovoltaica en este sector.
La tecnología térmica solar y fotovoltaica se instaló en tres plantas procesadoras de leche de la región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica. El análisis de los resultados obtenidos permitió observar la reducción del consumo de energía y, de una forma muy notable, de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, gracias al aprovechamiento de una fuente totalmente limpia y renovable como la energía solar. Además, se ha generado una mayor independencia en las empresas en el nivel energético y sus productos podrían adquirir la categoría de ecológicos, lo que representaría una ventaja competitiva en el mercado regional, nacional e internacional.
