Mejoramiento de las condiciones de procesamiento primario, secado y usos estructurales de la madera de almendro (Dipteryx panamensis) y pilón (Hieronyma alchorneoides) de plantaciones forestales de Costa Rica. Código 1401025
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Date
Authors
Moya-Roque, Roger
Tenorio-Monge, Carolina
Navarro-Mora, Angel
Muñoz-Acosta, Freddy
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica
Abstract
La madera de almendro (Dipteryx panamensis) y pilón (Hieronyma alchorneoides) presenta una
densidad entre los 0,6 a 0,7 g/cm3
, lo que significa que poseen una alta resistencia mecánica y que
podrían ser utilizadas en usos estructurales. Sin embargo, la madera proveniente de plantaciones
forestales de estas dos especies se caracteriza porque: (i) durante el aserrío las trozas liberan
tensiones de crecimiento dando como resultado madera con torceduras y rajaduras, (ii) durante el
proceso de secado la madera es propensa a producir pandeos y reventaduras y (iii) estas dos
situaciones han provocado problemas para la comercialización y el establecimiento de un posible
mercado para la madera proveniente de plantaciones de estas especies. Por lo tanto, la presente
investigación tuvo el objetivo mejorar las condiciones procesamiento primario y de secado, así como
establecer los valores de resistencia estructural de vigas de madera aserrada y laminada de
almendro y pilón procedentes de plantaciones forestales de Costa Rica. Para el cumplimiento de
estos objetivos se estableció una propuesta metodológica de dos sistemas de aserrío, dos sistemas
de secado y el desarrollo de dos posibles productos a comercializar de estas especies. Antes de
realizar el proceso de aserrío se implementaron dos tratamientos en las trozas: calentado y
vaporizado, con el fin de mitigar la manifestación de las tensiones de crecimiento. En el secado se
realizó una etapa de vaporizado a mitad del tiempo de secado y en el diseño de productos se
fabricaron vigas laminadas de 5 x 10 cm and 5 x 15 cm. Los resultados mostraron que los
tratamientos de vapor y calentamiento en trozas reducen los efectos de torceduras en la madera
aserrada durante el proceso de aserrío y reaserrio. Así mismo, se encontró que el vaporizado de las
trozas tiene un mayor efecto en la calidad de la madera en relación al calentamiento, para las dos
especies. Se encontró que la aplicación de una etapa de vaporizado en el secado, aumenta la calidad
de la madera aserrada. Finalmente, en la evaluación de la madera para uso estructural como vigas
laminadas se determinó que los esfuerzos de diseño variaron de 10 a 26 MPa y que la madera
almendro presenta valores ligeramente mayores que la de pilón. Además, se estableció que las vigas
laminadas presentan un mejor comportamiento en los parámetros de flexión y por lo tanto los valores
de diseño en relación a la madera sólida, dando como resultado que se obtengan valores de
separación entre apoyos más amplios cuando son utilizados en entrepisos.
Wood from almendro (Dipteryx panamensis) and pilón (Hieronyma alchorneoides) present a density between 0.6 to 0.7 g / cm3 , then they are classified as high mechanical resistance and that they could be used in structural uses. However, the wood from forest plantations is characterized by: (i) during sawing the logs release growth stresses resulting in warping and cracking lumber, (ii) during the drying process the wood produce twist and cracking defects and (iii) these two situations have caused problems for the commercialization and the establishment of a possible market for wood from plantations of these species. Therefore, the present research aimed to improve the primary processing and drying conditions, as well as to establish the structural strength values of solid and laminated beams from forest plantations wood in Costa Rica. The methodological proposal of two sawing systems, two drying systems and the development of two possible products of these species to be commercialized is established. Before carrying out the sawing process, two treatments were implemented in the logs: heated and steamed, in order to mitigate the manifestation of growth tensions. In drying, a steaming stage was carried out in the middle of the drying time and in the design of products, laminated beams of 5 x 10 cm and 5 x 15 cm were manufactured. The results showed that the steam treatment and heating of logs reduces the warping effects in the lumber during the sawing and re-sawing process. Likewise, it was found that the steaming of the logs has a greater effect on quality than when the logs are heated in the two species tested. In drying, it was found that the application of a steaming stage increases the quality of the sawn wood during drying. Finally, in the evaluation of wood for structural use as laminated beams, it was found that the design stresses varied from 10 to 26 MPa and that almendro wood presents slightly higher values than pilón. In addition, it was established that laminated beams have better behavior in bending parameters and therefore design values in relation to solid wood, resulting in wider separation values between supports when they are used in mezzanines.
Wood from almendro (Dipteryx panamensis) and pilón (Hieronyma alchorneoides) present a density between 0.6 to 0.7 g / cm3 , then they are classified as high mechanical resistance and that they could be used in structural uses. However, the wood from forest plantations is characterized by: (i) during sawing the logs release growth stresses resulting in warping and cracking lumber, (ii) during the drying process the wood produce twist and cracking defects and (iii) these two situations have caused problems for the commercialization and the establishment of a possible market for wood from plantations of these species. Therefore, the present research aimed to improve the primary processing and drying conditions, as well as to establish the structural strength values of solid and laminated beams from forest plantations wood in Costa Rica. The methodological proposal of two sawing systems, two drying systems and the development of two possible products of these species to be commercialized is established. Before carrying out the sawing process, two treatments were implemented in the logs: heated and steamed, in order to mitigate the manifestation of growth tensions. In drying, a steaming stage was carried out in the middle of the drying time and in the design of products, laminated beams of 5 x 10 cm and 5 x 15 cm were manufactured. The results showed that the steam treatment and heating of logs reduces the warping effects in the lumber during the sawing and re-sawing process. Likewise, it was found that the steaming of the logs has a greater effect on quality than when the logs are heated in the two species tested. In drying, it was found that the application of a steaming stage increases the quality of the sawn wood during drying. Finally, in the evaluation of wood for structural use as laminated beams, it was found that the design stresses varied from 10 to 26 MPa and that almendro wood presents slightly higher values than pilón. In addition, it was established that laminated beams have better behavior in bending parameters and therefore design values in relation to solid wood, resulting in wider separation values between supports when they are used in mezzanines.
Description
Proyecto de Investigación (Código: 1401025) Instituto Tecnológico De Costa Rica. Vicerrectoría De Investigación Y Extensión (VIE). Dirección de Proyectos. Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal. Centro de Investigación en Innovación Forestal (CIF), 2021
Keywords
Plantaciones forestales, Maderas tropicales, Reforestación, Maderas de alta densidad, Dipteryx panamensis, Hieronyma alchorneoides, Resistencia de la madera, Pandeo, Vigas laminadas, Forest plantations, Tropical woods, Reforestation, High density woods, Wood resistance, Buckling, Laminated beams, Research Subject Categories::FORESTRY, AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES and LANDSCAPE PLANNING