Evaluación de agentes para el combate biológico de enfermedades poscosecha en banano (Musa AAA) y factores que afectan su desempeño
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Nieuwenhuyse-Gordon, Antoine
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Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica
Abstract
Las enfermedades causadas por hongos son una de las principales limitantes en la
producción y comercialización del banano (Musa AAA) en Costa Rica, siendo la
pudrición de la corona y la antracnosis los problemas fitopatológicos poscosecha de
mayor incidencia e importancia. Los principales agentes causales de estas
enfermedades son los hongos Colletotrichum musae y Fusarium spp., cuyas
esporas son transportadas desde el campo a las pilas de lavado de la fruta. Durante
el deslatexado inicia el proceso de infección mediante la penetración en la herida
expuesta en la corona. El manejo convencional de estas se ha basado en la
aplicación de fungicidas sintéticos durante el proceso de empaque, sin embargo,
existe una tendencia mundial hacia la reducción del uso de estos productos. Como
alternativa al control químico, surge el interés por usar agentes de combate biológico
(ACB), bajo el concepto de manejo integrado de enfermedades. Bacterias del
género Bacillus y Streptomyces, así como hongos del género Trichoderma, tienen
la capacidad de brindar un control parcial de las enfermedades poscosecha del
banano. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los tratamientos biológicos individuales siguen
sin alcanzar el nivel de control de los productos químicos. Ante esto, el control
biológico con ACB se ha combinado con otras alternativas de control para para
potenciar su acción antifúngica mediante efectos sinérgicos o aditivos. El objetivo
de este capítulo fue realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre las enfermedades
poscosecha en banano y los diferentes métodos de control, con énfasis en el
combate biológico mediante microorganismos antagonistas.
Diseases caused by fungi are one of the main limitations in the production and marketing of bananas (Musa AAA) in Costa Rica, with crown rot and anthracnose being the postharvest phytopathological problems with the highest incidence and importance. The main causal agents of these diseases are the fungi Colletotrichum musae and Fusarium spp., whose spores are transported from the field to the fruit washing tanks. During delatexing, the infection process begins by penetrating the exposed wound in the crown. Conventional management of banana postharvest diseases has been based on the application of synthetic fungicides during the packing process, however, there is a global trend towards reducing the use of these products. As an alternative to chemical control, there is interest in using biological combat agents (BCAs), under the concept of integrated disease management. Bacteria from the genus Bacillus and Streptomyces, as well as fungi of the genus Trichoderma, can provide partial control of banana post-harvest diseases. However, however, most biological treatments applied individually still do not equalize chemical fungicides. For this reason, biological control with BCAs has been combined with other control alternatives to enhance its antifungal action through synergistic or additive effects. The objective of this chapter was to review the literature on postharvest diseases in bananas and the different control methods, with emphasis on biological combat through antagonistic microorganisms.
Diseases caused by fungi are one of the main limitations in the production and marketing of bananas (Musa AAA) in Costa Rica, with crown rot and anthracnose being the postharvest phytopathological problems with the highest incidence and importance. The main causal agents of these diseases are the fungi Colletotrichum musae and Fusarium spp., whose spores are transported from the field to the fruit washing tanks. During delatexing, the infection process begins by penetrating the exposed wound in the crown. Conventional management of banana postharvest diseases has been based on the application of synthetic fungicides during the packing process, however, there is a global trend towards reducing the use of these products. As an alternative to chemical control, there is interest in using biological combat agents (BCAs), under the concept of integrated disease management. Bacteria from the genus Bacillus and Streptomyces, as well as fungi of the genus Trichoderma, can provide partial control of banana post-harvest diseases. However, however, most biological treatments applied individually still do not equalize chemical fungicides. For this reason, biological control with BCAs has been combined with other control alternatives to enhance its antifungal action through synergistic or additive effects. The objective of this chapter was to review the literature on postharvest diseases in bananas and the different control methods, with emphasis on biological combat through antagonistic microorganisms.
Description
Trabajo final de graduación (Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Agronomía) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería en Agronomía, 2022.